Risk Analysis for Large Power Transformers in Solar Storms

Alan S. Hoback, Algird Szumlas

University of Detroit Mercy Report, Dept. of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engr., vol. 2019(8), 2019/08/15, pp. 1-4.

Abstract:

Large power transformers (LPTs) are a vital component of the electrical grid system. Solar flares induce currents in long conductors such as transmission lines that connect LPTs. These currents have caused damage in the electrical grid in the past. Considering that the last major solar flare to hit the earth was pre-electric grid, the grid is unprepared. Therefore, the U.S. economy is at risk from damage. LPTs can be replaced with newer units that can resist damage. The alternatives of LPT replacement versus the null case are compared to show the economic advantages of proactive planning.

Link to full paper.

References


1. G. D. Holman, "The mysterious origins of solar flares." Scientific American, 294(4), pp. 38-45, Apr. 2006.
2. L. Bolduc, "GIC observations and studies in the Hydro-Québec power system." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 64(16), pp. 1793-1802, 2002.
3. A. S. Hoback, “Direct Travel Time of X-ray Class Solar Storms,” Presented at the Dynamics of the Sun & Stars: Honoring the Life & Work of Michael Thompson, 24 Sept. 2019. [Online]. Available NCAR-HAO web site: https://www2.hao.ucar.edu/MJTWorkshop2019/Agenda
4. P. Riley, "On the probability of occurrence of extreme space weather events." Space Weather, 10(2), pp. 1-12, Feb. 2012.
5. M.A. Shea, D. F. Smart, and G. A. M. Dreschhoff. "Identification of major proton fluence events from nitrates in polar ice cores." Radiation measurements 30(3), pp. 309-316, 1999.
6. K.A. Duderstadt, J. E. Dibb, N.A. Schwadron, H. E. Spence, S.C. Solomon, V.A. Yudin, et.al. "Nitrate ion spikes in ice cores not suitable as proxies for solar proton events." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121(6), pp. 2994-3016, 2016.
7. M. J. Thompson, J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, M. S. Miesch, and J. Toomre. "The internal rotation of the Sun." Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41(1), pp. 599-643, 2003
8. N. Gopalswamy, A. Lara, S. Yashiro, M. L. Kaiser, and R. A. Howard, "Predicting the 1‐AU arrival times of coronal mass ejections." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 106(A12), pp.29207-29217, Dec. 2001.
9. J. G. Kappenman, "Storm sudden commencement events and the associated geomagnetically induced current risks to ground‐based systems at low‐latitude and midlatitude locations." Space weather, 1(3), Dec. 2003.
10. P. R. Price, "Geomagnetically induced current effects on transformers," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 17(4), pp. 1002-1008, Oct. 2002.
11. J. Kappenman, "Low-frequency protection concepts for the electric power grid: geomagnetically induced current (GIC) and E3 HEMP mitigation." FERC, Metatech Corporation, 2010.
12. F.R. Faxvog, G. Fuchs, W.J.D. Wojtczak, M.B. Marz, S.R. Dahman, and W.I. Pewaukee, (2017, November). “HV Power Transformer Neutral Blocking Device (NBD) Operating Experience in Wisconsin,” In MIPSYCON Conference, 7, Nov. 2017.
13. Large Power Transformers and the U.S. Electric Grid, US DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Apr. 2014.
14. W. Manchester, B. van der Holst, I. Sokolov, M. Jin, N. Savani, and A. Taktakishvili. "CME Event Simulations with AWSoM-EEGGL Model." In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2018.
15. World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019, International Monetary Fund. Apr. 2019.
16. D.H. Boteler, "Geomagnetically induced currents: Present knowledge and future research." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 9(1), pp. 50-58, 1994.
17. A. Pulkkinen, E. Bernabeu, J. Eichner, C. Beggan and A.W.P. Thomson, “Generation of 100 Year Geomagnetically Induced Current Scenarios,” Space Weather, 10(4), Apr. 2012.